![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Elnashai, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College, Imperial College Road, London, SW7 2BU, U.K.172 B. The historical development of building height is shown in Figure 1.The need for higher buildings naturally leads to the conclusion that high strength construction materials will be increasingly used in the future, in order to keep column sizes at manageable* Correspondence to: Professor Amr. Examples of such projects are the Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge linking Kobe City to Awaji Island (length 3910 m) and the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur (height 450 m). A secondary stimulus for construction of high rise buildings is that of an engineering challenge, whereby the two targets of boasting the longest bridge and the highest building have become serious considerations in the conceptual design of landmark projects. Whereas in 1950 there were only 7 urban areas in the world with more than 5 million inhabitants, this number rose to 34 in 1980 and is expected to rise further to 60 by the year 2000.1 Consequently, more high rise structures are being constructed now than a decade or two ago. High rise buildingsThe increasing reliance of employment on financial services is one of the reasons that lead to increasing rural-to-urban migration which in turn lead to increased demand on land use in large cities. Recommendations on the use of equivalent cracked stiffness for period calculation in design, and also effective periods for use in displacement-based design, are given. Indeed, it is observed that lower levels of overstrength can be achieved in high strength materials than in their normal strength counterparts, mainly due to the over- reinforcement of the latter to resist vertical forces. The behaviour of high strength concrete structures is not inferior to that of normal strength materials. It is concluded that the cost increase is mainly due to the steel, whilst significant member reductions may be availed of by using high strength concrete. Comprehensive assessment of the static and dynamic results is undertaken. The static inelastic response of the buildings is also assessed, followed by a full nonlinear dynamic analysis of all buildings using three earthquake records at the design acceleration and twice the design value. The cost of construction is compared in terms of steel, concrete and formwork. The buildings are all nominally equivalent, using a stiffness equivalence criterion and its derivatives. In this paper, 10 buildings of 24 stories are designed and detailed according to modern seismic codes. ![]() Whereas design guidance and engineering understanding of high strength RC structures under static loading is well-developed, little work has been undertaken on the economics of whole buildings and their performance under earthquake loading. This in turn promotes the use of high strength materials to reduce column size and construction times. ELNASHAI*Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College, London, U.K.SUMMARYFor a multitude of economic and societal considerations, high rise structures are on the increase. 8, 171–204 (1999)STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMICS OF TALL HIGH STRENGTH RC BUILDINGS IN SEISMIC REGIONSBENEDICT T. Beyond Compare is excellent, but KDiff3 and WinMerge are great alternatives that provide the same functions for free, and Meld is another similar choice.THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF TALL BUILDINGSStruct. Where can you run this program?īeyond Compare runs on Mac OS X, as well as Windows 8 and above. Moreover, the 3-way merge enables you to combine various versions into a single output. The synchronization feature allows you to quickly and automatically reconcile the differences found within the folders. Then, you can delete, copy, or modify the data after comparison. The results come color-coded to help you spot the differences. You can use Beyond Compare to deal with text files, system and cloud storage folders, music, ZIP files, and more. After, it will display the two items side by side. You drag the files for comparison onto its home screen for it to analyze. This piece of software is straightforward to use, too. It helps them determine corrupt files, differences between data, and unnecessary duplicates. Beyond Compare is a powerful data comparison tool that detects differences and tracks changes across various file types and versions.īeyond Compare by Scooter Software is an excellent tool for anyone tackling enormous amounts of data. ![]()
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